Showing posts with label Quinoa. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Quinoa. Show all posts

Sunday, May 21, 2017

Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) is a pseudocereal native from the Andean region of South America that has increased in importance worldwide. Quinoa is now considered an alternative to traditional crops in a climate change scenario, considering its ability to adapt to marginal soils, droughts and frosts. Despite the interesting agronomic and nutritional features of this crop, research into quinoa is characterised by individual attempts to define its phenological stages without an international consensus. A unique criterion to quantify the phenology of quinoa could become a useful tool for researchers and plant breeders in future work by standardising this information for international cooperation. In this article, a proposed scale of the phenological growth stages of quinoa based on the BBCH coding system (Biologische Bundesanstalt Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) was developed. Growth stages were described utilising the decimal code of the BBCH system, and figures were included for the most representative stages.

Friday, December 18, 2015

Aumenta la producción y el consumo de quinua en Asia

En los últimos años, uno de los cultivos más antiguos y representativos de la cultura andina, valorado por su alto valor nutritivo, comenzó a sembrarse de manera creciente del otro lado del planeta. Se trata de la quinua, que está siendo incluida con éxito en los sistemas productivos del China. Actualmente, sus agrónomos se capacitan en la Argentina para conocer más sobre su manejo y los factores que determinan su adaptación a distintos ambientes.
"Desde hace algunos años, en China están produciendo comercialmente quinua. Hay empresas que consiguieron semillas, las seleccionaron, las adaptaron a sus ambientes productivos y avanzaron en toda la cadena de valor, desde el procesamiento de las semillas para el consumo humano, hasta el desarrollo de distintos tipos de alimentos y su inserción en el mercado local", explicó Daniel Bertero, investigador de la cátedra de Producción Vegetal de la Facultad de Agronomía de la UBA (FAUBA), quien es especialista en quinua, y destacó que algunos de los productos más vendidos en ese país, generados a partir del cultivo, además de granos y harinas son los fideos, conocidos popularmente como noodles.
La expectativa de crecimiento es auspiciosa. Estas empresas ya están montando nuevas plantas con capacidad para procesar 7000 toneladas de quinua al año. "Eso da una idea de las expectativas de expansión, en un país con 1300 millones de habitantes y donde la quinua hoy se está vendiendo a unos 20 dólares el kilo", dijo Bertero al sitio de divulgación científica Sobre la Tierra.
El aumento de la demanda asiática por este alimento también podría significar una oportunidad para los países de Sudamérica, algunos de los cuales, como Bolivia y Perú, ya están exportando granos no sólo a China, sino también a Francia, Dinamarca, Estados Unidos, Canadá, India y Pakistán. Se calcula que existen unas 100.000 hectáreas cultivadas con quinua en el mundo.
¿Por qué el interés de los chinos por un cultivo milenario de Sudamérica? La principal razón es comercial, por las perspectivas de expansión y buenos precios. Otro aspecto destacado es la capacidad de la quinua para adaptarse a los ambientes más rigurosos, marginales para la agricultura por su altitud, variabilidad climática y tipos de suelo.
Desde el punto de vista del consumidor, otra de las razones tiene que ver con el valor nutricional de la quinua, fundamentalmente porque posee una alta calidad proteica y por ser una fuente importante de vitaminas y minerales. Además, no contiene gluten y puede ayudar a reducir el colesterol.

Adaptación local
Invitado por empresas productoras locales, durante 2014 y 2015 Bertero visitó diferentes regiones de China para interiorizarse sobre la siembra del cultivo de quinua en el gigante asiático y su adaptación a las condiciones ambientales de ese país.
"Una de las regiones productoras es Qinghai, al norte de Tíbet, de donde vino la delegación que visitó la Argentina en noviembre de 2015. En esta zona llueven 150 mm al año, así que la quinua se cultiva bajo riego a 3000 metros de altura, en un paisaje muy parecido a la Quebrada de Humahuaca".
La quinua también se siembra en otros ambientes como el de la provincia de Taiyuanuan, al norte del país, donde llueven unos 400 mm al año y se cultiva a 2000 metros de altura. Allí, la altitud no permite sembrar maíz, por ejemplo, y en cambio se implanta tradicionalmente papa, trigo, cebada, y ahora, como novedad, quinua. Aquí los ambientes son más favorables para la agricultura, pero las lluvias de fin de ciclo representan un riesgo para la calidad de la semilla cosechada.
"El material genético que están usando deriva de Chile, porque se adapta a una mayor variedad de ambientes. Las semillas habrían sido mejoradas en Estados Unidos y sembradas primero en el Tíbet. Luego fueron llevadas hasta las provincias de Taiyuan y Qinghai, para producirlas comercialmente. Hoy también están probando variedades de tipo boliviano, mientras aumentan la superficie sembrada",señaló el profesor de la FAUBA. Una de esas empresas visitadas por Bertero, por ejemplo, está produciendo más de 100 toneladas de quinua al año para el mercado local.

Encontrarle la vuelta al cultivo
Como parte de esfuerzos de cooperación entre los agrónomos chinos y argentinos, recientemente la FAUBA recibió la visita de una delegación de la Academia de Ciencias de la Agricultura de la provincia de Qinghai, localizada en la ciudad de Xining, quienes estaban interesados en conocer la Argentina y capacitarse en temas relacionados con la agricultura local.
La comitiva asistió a una serie de charlas en la Facultad de Agronomía de la UBA con diferentes docentes sobre temas generales de la agricultura argentina y recibió capacitación sobre cultivos particulares como cebada, trigo y nuevas alternativas productivas para zonas áridas. La quinua significó uno de los aspectos que concentraron el mayor interés de los investigadores chinos.
"Ellos todavía están en una fase de encontrarle la vuelta al cultivo y les preocupan algunos de los aspectos de manejo que siguen generándoles inconvenientes, como las malezas y el brotado de las semillas (que germinan antes de tiempo)", detalló el investigador de la FAUBA. Además, destacó: "También les sorprende cómo en China en pocos años aumentó el interés de los productores y el apoyo desde el Gobierno para producir quinua, y les llama la atención que esto no suceda en la Argentina, donde pese a ser un cultivo que se produce desde hace al menos 2000 años, no se logra aumentar el área de siembra".

Fuente:

Wednesday, October 28, 2015

Sergio Núñez De Arco: Creating a New Staple

In November 2013, Time magazine devoted a cover story to “thirteen gods of food... people who influence what (and how) you eat.” Among the top-flight chefs, food activists, and cookbook authors was Sergio Núñez de Arco, an energetic, 40-year-old Bolivian-born entrepreneur who makes his home in the Bay Area. Time grandly dubbed him the “king of quinoa,” but Núñez prefers a broader identification. Although he makes his living as a distributor of this ancient pseudo-grain (it is in the goosefoot plant family, which includes beetroot and spinach), he is also, and more proudly, a champion of the indigenous people of his homeland who have raised this ultranutritious, gluten-free, biodiverse crop for centuries. And now their traditional knowledge, boosted by modern technology and market forces, is providing 45,000 Bolivian farm families a better life.

Source:

Saturday, September 26, 2015

Wednesday, July 22, 2015

Quinoa farming guide

The exceptional nutritional attributes of quinoa and its adaptability to different environmental conditions have made possible its worldwide cultivation. An example of this is the interesting experience of Manoj Upadhyaya, a quinoa grower of India, who has wanted to share his story and his quinoa farming guide. 

Who Am I?
My name is Manoj Upadhyaya
Country - INDIA
I am a software engineer and currently working as a Manager in a big IT services company in India. I am from an agriculture background family. But till 3 years back, did not put any effort or keen interest in farming. 
I belong to a place called Paratwada (Dist. Amravati) at Maharashtra, a region which is famous for oranges but at the same time making entry in Indian media for unfortunate event of farmers facing financial crisis due to non-profitable farming, debts etc. This made me to think about what the educated people can contribute in terms of coming up with ideas for profitable farming, innovative farming, new areas in farming, something out of the box. 

What did I do? 
My search has accidently introduced me with Quinoa while watching a TV show about recipes. The host was making a quinoa recipe and at the same time passed on little but very interesting information about quinoa. 
I decided to surrender myself to Google search engine and get more information about quinoa grain. 
After going through the available information on Google I decided to start experiments on quinoa farming. But only challenge and barrier was about seeds availability. I tried at least for 4 months to procure seeds. I communicated with people in USA, Turkestan, and India and many more. And finally could procure seeds.
I started experiment in small pots in my flat balcony, my native place bungalow, and front yard, back yard, in nursery bags and on play grounds. I experimented plantation and direct sowing techniques, as well as deferred irrigation, heavy irrigation, very low irrigation and without irrigation. I performed experiments in winter season, summer season and rainy season. I have gathered and recorded all the inputs during one year. 
After analyzing all the data collected, I was able to derive the best practices for quinoa farming. Once getting assured about the best practice for quinoa farming, I have started actual quinoa farming in 2 acre land and got a decent success in my venture. 
Summerising my experience in a quinoa farming guide with the hope that it will prove helpful for all thoses who are interested in quinoa farming. 

About this Guide
This reference guide based on my own experiences with quinoa farming and I hope it will be helpful to all. May this guide should serve the purpose of providing right path for quinoa cultivation and may this bring success to all of us. 
This document covers following aspect of quinoa farming and cultivation which are based on my experiences. 
• Soil selection
• Farm bed preparation
• Sowing Method
• Fertilization schedule
• Irrigation schedule
• Plant growth.
• Periodic observations Insects and pests control
• Weeding schedule
• Crop cutting 
• threshing and Seed separation
• Financial aspect
• Assumption and desclaimers 
• Miscellaneous and references 
Currently I am in a process of securing intellectual property protection for this guide as I put efforts, time and lot of suffering my family had to go through as I could not spend any week end with them for an year.

Sunday, July 19, 2015

The impact of the Quinoa boom on Bolivian family farmers

New findings based on survey results from 100 households located in southern Bolivia. 81% of farmers interviewed between December 2012 and March 2013 say quinoa is their primary source of income. Benefits of the increase in Quinoa prices:
  • Guarantees improved incomes and access to credit 
  • Access to additional labour and machinery
  • Increased productivity 
Challenges:
  • Land degradation
  • Reduction of cultivated varieties


Source:

Thursday, July 16, 2015

Growing Quinoa in Italy: project "Quinoa Felix"

As part of the efforts to promote quinoa and amaranth in Italy, the project "Quinoa Felix" aims to introduce Italian farmers to the cultivation of certain quinoa varieties while promoting the production of quinoa-derived food products amongst various stakeholders. "Quinoa Felix" is funded by PSR Campania 2007- 2013 (Campania's Rural Development Programme) under Project Action 124: "Cooperation for development of new products, processes and technologies in the agriculture and food sector and the forestry sector." The project is managed by the Institute for Agricultural and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFoM) based in Ercolano, Italy, which is part of a scientific network of institutes under the Italian National Research Council (CNR).

Source:

Tuesday, July 07, 2015

Slow Food and FAO launch “Quinoa in the Kitchen”

Recipe book is the first fruit of a partnership that aims to make quinoa a staple of the world’s kitchens
The Slow Food movement and FAO officially launched the book, “Quinoa in the Kitchen,” today to continue to promote awareness about the super-food’s potential as the International Year of Quinoa draws to a close.
The book gives an overview of quinoa’s roots in the history and culture of the central Andean high plateau, geographically extending across the borders of Peru and Bolivia, which together account for the vast majority of quinoa production in the world.
Since quinoa is still new to many beyond the Andes, the book includes a selection of quinoa recipes created by some of the world’s top chefs. The aim is to bring quinoa to kitchens across the world, where it may someday be as commonplace as pasta or rice.
Quinoa is exceptionally versatile, which has drawn it attention as a potential alternative crop that could be an added tool to be able to produce sufficient food for the world’s growing population – expected to grow by 2 billion people by 2050 – as the climate shifts. Different varieties of quinoa can be grown from sea level to 4000 metres in altitude, it can withstand temperatures from below freezing to 38 degrees Celsius, in both humid and arid climates and in a variety of soil conditions.
"Quinoa is part of the effort to recover these lost foods and to promote traditional and forgotten crops. It is also part of the idea that food is not only a commodity. It is a lot more than that. It is also culture, it is also taste, it is also a lot of things that are closely related to our history,” said FAO Director-General José Graziano da Silva.
Slow Food President Carlo Petrini said that the book draws inspiration from the two organizations “shared vision of a sustainable world free from hunger and that safeguards biodiversity for future generations.”
“Central to the process is gastronomy itself and the idea that this holistic, multidisciplinary science, which encompasses everything from agriculture to history, from economics to anthropology, from botany to culinary art, can be a liberating force of the communities most hit by malnutrition,” he added.
Quinoa is higher in protein than grains such as wheat, corn or rice, and it packs in vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids that are important to human nutrition but which many foods lack in just one source.
FAO is currently overseeing a programme in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru for the sustainable intensification of quinoa farming and food production systems in the Andean region. FAO is assisting countries to respond to a rising demand for quinoa so farmers can benefit from high prices while preserving the environment and biodiversity. Helping farmers to access the organic and fair trade sectors on international markets is one important element of the programme.
FAO is planning a regional project in arid and semi-arid areas of the Near East, where quinoa could prove useful to provide sufficient nutritious food even under extreme climactic conditions. In Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, Mauritania, Sudan and Yemen, varieties will be selected and field tested to gauge which types of quinoa have the highest yields and nutritional values even under stress, such as drought.
Similar projects are being developed for Bhutan, Brunei and Sri Lanka , as well as for Kygryzstan and Tajikistan.
The United Nations has declared 2013 the “International Year of Quinoa.”

Tuesday, October 21, 2014

Estado del arte de la quinua en el mundo en 2013

Editado por
Bazile, D., Bertero, D. y Nieto, C.

Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO) Santiago, Chile
Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) Montpellier, France

Resumen
En el 2013 las Naciones Unidas declararon el Año Internacional de la Quinua, situándola en un espacio privilegiado a nivel global, generando expectativas y desafíos.
El "Estado del arte de la quinua en el mundo en 2013" es una publicación conjunta entre el CIRAD y la FAO que reúne en un solo libro toda la información relevante sobre la quinua generada por los más destacados investigadores del mundo, organizaciones de productores, tomadores de decisión, y todos aquéllos que se preocupan por este alimento. El libro tiene como objetivo principal favorecer la difusión de estos conocimientos, promover el dialogo y el debate entre actores del desarrollo de la quinua a nivel mundial y generar nuevas expectativas del cultivo en el mundo, considerando sus aportes a la seguridad alimentaria y a la economía de la agricultura familiar, pero también considerando los riesgos inherentes de una expansión descontrolada, en particular poniendo énfasis: en la necesidad de regulación de la circulación de los recursos fitogenéticos y la redistribución justa y equitativa de los beneficios de su utilización fuera de la zona andina y la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas. Esperamos que este libro se constituya en una herramienta que impulse el desarrollo de programas y proyectos respetuosos, responsables y éticos de quinua en el mundo manteniendo y preservando la biodiversidad de la quinua.



Friday, October 10, 2014

Getting keen about quinoa

Stephen Jones is the producer of 100% British grown quinoa grains. He does that on his farm in Shropshire, and runs the British Quinoa Company. Hear from him about how he started up the firm and where production of the super-grain is headed. Plus we’ll hear much more about the grain: how it’s grown and harvested, the problems posed by the great British weather, about its different strains, how Stephen has to have a licence to grow it. And … how you pronounce the name of the grain. A fascinating chat in store!
And Claire from Juvela tells us about the British prescription-based glutenfree brand. Yep in the UK we can get coeliac-friendly food through the National Health Service. Hear how that works, what you are entitled to and why that’s different in various parts of the country. Juvela only make GF food for prescriptions and provide to pharmacies across the country, so hear about their range and why they’re not allowed to call their flour, ‘flour’!



Source:

Friday, August 15, 2014

How a scientist and fashion designer connected over quinoa?


How do you pick your partner fashion designer for "MIT project Descience" if you are a scientist whose clothes are all bought by your wife? Or how do you pick your partner scientist if you’re a designer who forgot everything about biology and physics after you graduated from High School – and never took a science class again after that?

Francisco: "While I was browsing through the list of the designers applying for Descience, I was a little overwhelmed: so many talented artists, how to choose one? But I connected right away with Valentina; her colorful and happy designs, that remind me of my country (Chile), and her gentle approach to fashion – being that Valentina is an eco-friendly and vegetarian artist. I thought that she would represent my research on Quinoa the best".

Valentina: "The day I picked Francisco as my first choice as teammate, I had a notepad with me, and I was ready to create a list of scientist names, sort them up according to my preference and compatibility, and then narrow them down to my three first choices. Instead, Francisco’s profile caught my attention right away, and his pictures of Quinoa fields and plantations sparked my imagination and creativity. I just kept my finger crossed, after that, that we would end up in the same team. I hoped, when I picked Francisco, to get connected with a person who will broaden my knowledge about Quinoa and research on nutrition and the properties of grains. My hopes were not disappointed, and I now also know how to cook Quinoa properly".

The dress inspired on QUINOA is the one in the picture above. If you'd like to support our team, vote for us (link below) and see our complete portfolio about our collaboration at http://descience55.carbonmade.com/ 

VOTE FOR OUR DRESS, TEAM "THE INCA'S SECRET" (Designer: Valentina Oppezzo, scientist: Francisco Fuentes)

by Valentina Oppezzo and Francisco Fuentes

Saturday, July 26, 2014

"Quinoa" magazine on Flipboard

Quinoa
By Francisco Fuentes | Francisco Fuentes created a magazine on Flipboard. “Quinoa” is available with thousands of other magazines and all the news you care about. Download Flipboard for free and search for “Francisco Fuentes”.
Source: https://flipboard.com/section/quinoa-bOjVX9

Wednesday, February 26, 2014

Climate change: will quinoa weather the storm?: Research shows quinoa grows well in diverse conditions, so should more be done to promote it to farmers?

Mention quinoa, and most people think of South America. The grain has been a staple food in the Andes for thousands of years, with Bolivia and Peru accounting for the vast majority of the 82,510 tonnes produced globally in 2012. But there's no reason why other countries can't grow it too. Highly adaptable, the crop could contribute to food and nutritionsecurity in parts of the world where it has never previously been grown.
Speaking at the launch of the 'International Year of Quinoa' last year, UN secretary general Ban Ki-moon described quinoa as being "poised for global recognition", and FAO has used the year to highlight the role that quinoa could play in addressing global malnutrition.
Its nutritional profile is comparable to teff, a grass crop, which is currently grown mainly in its native Ethiopa but also has wider potential. And like teff, quinoa is interesting in development terms because of its resilience to different climates.
"It has the ability to grow under very difficult conditions," says Sven-Erik Jacobsen, associate professor at the department of plant and environmental sciences at the University of Copenhagen.
"If you go to the south of Bolivia, you're 3,600 metres above sea level, with 200mm of rain, and there are 200 nights with frosts. There's only one crop you can grow and that's quinoa, and this is why it has potential for many parts of the world."
One research project is currently underway in Malawi, in a partnership between Washington State University and the Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources (Luanar), which in turn is working with a small Malawi-based NGO, Total LandCare. The research is evaluating how a number of quinoa varieties perform under both irrigated and rain-fed conditions, and assessing any problems such as pests and diseases.
"So far we have seen promising results," says Moses Maliro, associate professor of plant breeding and genetics at Luanar.
"Under rain-fed conditions, which are associated with problems and diseases, we managed to get at least two tonnes per hectare of grain for six varieties. When we grew under irrigated conditions, some went as far as three tonnes, so to us those are encouraging results."
From April, Luanar will be working with Total LandCare to grow quinoa on three demonstration sites, which will be used to gather data and share learning with 300 households in the area. As well as assessing the best varieties and soil and weather conditions for growing quinoa in Malawi, the demonstration plots will look at how receptive people are to including quinoa in their diets.
This is an important part of the work. For FAO too, promoting quinoa is primarily about its role as a subsistence crop and how it can address malnutrition, but to do so successfully it has to be something that people are willing to eat. With quinoa fetching high prices on the world market, consumption has dropped in its native Andean communities as farmers export their crops and local populations can no longer afford it.
Boosting production in other parts of the world should mitigate this. Fortunately for potential quinoa growers, it is not a difficult crop to grow. Hassan Munir, assistant professor in the department of crop physiology at the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad, Pakistan, was the first to introduce quinoa to Pakistan in 2008 as part of his PhD research, and has found farmers receptive to it in his trials.
"It's a new crop but farmers are interested, especially the more progressive farmers," he says.
"Quinoa is rather an easy crop to grow, and doesn't require specialised skills. It compares favourably to rice and sugarcane. We're in the Indus valley, the world's oldest centre of cultivation, so we already have a variety of cultivation practices. But we face both severe cold and drought, so there's a need to introduce a new climate-resilient crop which can feed our own population as well as potentially serving as a cash crop."
Pakistan and Malawi both have high rates of malnutrition, with stunting affecting around half of all children there, according to FAO. Quinoa's high nutritional value could help address that problem in those countries and many others, but it may take time to establish itself.
"It's really not yet familiar, so I think first we need to build up knowledge among governments, researchers, and policymakers, so that they can add quinoa to the list of crops for research, and for the extension systems to take it on," says Maliro.
"It will take a lot of awareness raising. But policymakers and NGOs really need to become more aware of this crop, and what it could potentially do."

Source:

Friday, February 21, 2014

FAO/IAEA Joint Collaboration Enhances Quinoa - The All-in-One Super Food

Hunger continues to be a reality for mankind; in global terms, it is estimated that over 842 million people or around one in eight people in the world face starvation due to extreme poverty while up to 2 billion people, due to varying levels of poverty, lack food security. The eradication of hunger is of paramount international concern. Linked to this is agricultural production, especially in developing countries, which faces a challenge in keeping pace with rising food requirements. In the battle to help agro-economies of developing countries to overcome threats from declining or stagnant food production, one species of a grain-like crop, grown primarily for its edible seeds, is quinoa, which has caught international attention.
Quinoa is a pseudo-cereal rather than a true cereal, or grain. It has been grown since ancient times in the Andean civilization in Latin America, becoming the staple food of the Andean peoples. Quinoa is now considered by nutritional experts to have the ability to play a critical role in overcoming the complex and inter-related issues of hunger, malnutrition and poverty. Due to its high nutritional value and with its increased production, quinoa is set to be a major food for future generations.
Quinoa, also known botanically as Chenopodium quinoa, is one of the basic dietary foods of the Andean peoples, roasted and ground into flour to make a range of foods. Quinoa products are also found mixed with cereals, and are used to prepare bread and pasta as well as gourmet foods. Its nutritional composition is extraordinary, considering it's a source of complete protein in-take, having more protein content than brown rice, barley and millet. Besides being gluten free, quinoa is an excellent source of dietary fibre and has elevated levels of phosphorus, magnesium, iron and calcium. The crop is also vitamin rich.
In the early 1970s, quinoa faced the threat of being destroyed due to the spread of plant diseases. Adverse climate conditions also affected the income of farmers resulting in a decline in its traditional cultivation methods. The low yield of quinoa has also led to an increased world wide price hike due to rising demands. Increasing its production, to fulfil the global demand is vital for all levels of society especially the poor sections of society and those vulnerable to malnutrition.
These concerns have led to a concerted and now successful international effort to protect this valuable crop from disappearing. In this global effort, the IAEA in its joint collaboration with the FAO has used highly advanced nuclear techniques to support technology transfer and adaptation, and to build capacity through coordination research projects and regional technical cooperation programmes aimed at increasing quinoa production in developing countries.
To improve agricultural production, the IAEA is promoting the application of nuclear techniques for plant breeding. Often, it is not easy for breeders to find useful variation needed for their purpose. Mutagenic agents, such as radiation and certain chemicals, can be used to induce mutations and generate genetic variations from which desired mutants may be selected. Mutation induction is a clean, tested and robust technique to create variation and produce new crop varieties.
In particular, the IAEA through its Joint FAO/IAEA Programme has been successful to assist the Member States to develop new mutant varieties that can grow in challenging environments. Mutation induction based on irradiation is a tool to broaden the adaptability of food crops to dynamic agro-ecologies and to improve resource use efficiency by fostering the application of mutant varieties for local crop production in developing Member States, thus contributing to sustainable food security and biodiversity of nature world.
For instance, in Peru, "There are 64 mutant lines of quinoa selected by their yield potential and quality for the market. From these lines, 3 will be further developed and released to farmers as new varieties in 2014," said L. Gomez-Pando, from the National Agrarian University of La Molina.
Quinoa is cultivated locally in the Andean region, from Colombia to Argentina in the north, to Chile in the south. It is planted mainly at elevations of 3 000 meters (up to 4 000 meters), where hostile climatic conditions thwart the growth of other crops. The key producing nations are Bolivia, Peru and the United States. Other countries in the developed world involved in quinoa cultivation are France, England, Sweden, Denmark, Holland and Italy. In Africa, Kenya has been involved in quinoa farming, showing high yields while further up towards India, the Himalayan regions have also witnessed success in its production.
The recognition of the value of quinoa has led to a greater global demand to protect this rare grain and has transformed this crop from being neglected as a food crop to one of high international demand for its nutritional value. Quinoa is also tolerant to salt, drought and frost and these attributes have enabled a wider global interest in its continued cultivation. The unique nutritive balance of protein, oil, fat and starch is also found in quinoa.
The FAO/IAEA collaboration to facilitate and promote the development of new and high yielding quinoa varieties will allow farmers to improve their income levels as well as have adequate quantities of protein as part of their daily diet and provide grains with affordable prices to persons with malnutrition problems, especially children below five years of age.
In recognition of ancestral practices of the Andean people, who have through centuries preserved quinoa in its natural state as food for today and for the generations to come, the United Nations General Assembly has declared 2013 as the International Year of Quinoa. The IAEA has played an important role in helping the international efforts to collect and preserve the genetic resource at National Agrarian University of La Molina - Peru and to start the genetic improvement of one of the rarest of rare agricultural crops which has survived because of the traditional practices of living in harmony with nature.

Source:

Tuesday, January 21, 2014

Breeding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): potential and perspectives

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) originated in the Andean region of South America; this species is associated with exceptional grain nutritional quality and is highly valued for its ability to tolerate abiotic stresses. However, its introduction outside the Andes has yet to take off on a large scale. In the Andes, quinoa has until recently been marginally grown by small-scale Andean farmers, leading to minor interest in the crop from urban consumers and the industry. Quinoa breeding programs were not initiated until the 1960s in the Andes, and elsewhere from the 1970s onwards. New molecular tools available for the existing quinoa breeding programs, which are critically examined in this review, will enable us to tackle the limitations of allotetraploidy and genetic specificities. The recent progress, together with the declaration of “The International Year of the Quinoa” by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, anticipates a bright future for this ancient species.

Source:
Zurita-Silva A., Fuentes F., Zamora P., Jacobsen S. E., Schwember A. R. (2014) Breeding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): perspectives and potential. Molecular Breeding. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-014-0023-5

Monday, December 30, 2013

Domesticated or wild?: Results of the investigation of Chenopodium seeds

In this paper, the author presents the results of a morphological study of carbonized Chenopodium seeds found in excavations at Chiripa – Bolivia, conducted by the Taraco Archaeological Project (TAP). Previous studies show – through the use of scanning electron microscopy – that it is possible to distinguish domesticated Chenodopium seeds from wild Chenopodium by characteristics of the seed coat or testa, particularly its thickness. Through the application of this methodology on Chenopodium seeds from Chiripa, it is found that the people of Chiripa began to cultivate domesticated Chenopodium (Chenopodium quinoa) around 1500 B.C.



Monday, November 25, 2013

Quinoa: a promising future for a versatile crop


Grown in the Andes for over 6,000 years and highly adapted to the harsh conditions of the mountains and altiplano, quinoa boasts more than 3,000 ecotypes (genetically adapted to a particular climate). In recent years, Bolivia - the world's biggest quinoa exporter - has found well-paying international markets for ecotypes characterised by large white seeds, which are in high demand from health food shops and restaurants across Brazil, Canada, Europe, Israel and the US. However, strong international demand for quinoa during the last few years has led to a diversification of consumption patterns and to emerging unique and profitable market opportunities for previously neglected quinoa ecotypes. Black, red and yellow quinoa are increasingly exported to international markets and receive much better prices than white quinoa.
In order to harness the full potential of quinoa to improve income generation, food security and nutrition, a holistic and innovative value chain framework has been developed and tested involving input from local businesses, policymakers, exporters, farmers and researchers. One key activity has been a national campaign, supported by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Bioversity International in collaboration with Bolivian NGO PROINPA, to promote quinoa to restaurants, bakeries and other commercial outlets in Bolivia. While the colourful grain has traditionally been a key protein source for Andean families, it's also had a reputation as 'poor person's food'. However, that situation appears to be changing.

Changing perceptions
"In the beginning it was hard to change the mentality but more people are opening up to the idea and we're doing well with quinoa," says Pamy Quezada Velez, CEO of Alexander Coffee, a chain of Bolivian coffee houses, which now serve quinoa in salads, wraps and desserts to the middle classes of La Paz. The company bakery produces more than 1,000 quinoa chocolate chip cookies a day and sources its grain from small farmers such as Elias Vargas and Viviana Herrera, whose fields line the edges of Lake Titicaca at 3,800 metres above sea level. "Now people everywhere are buying quinoa. In La Paz they sell it in the markets. For that reason we are also able to sell small quantities and with that money we sustain our families," states Vargas.

International demand for quinoa has led to emerging market opportunities for previously neglected quinoa ecotypes
© Bioversity International/Alfredo Camacho

With more and better protein and less carbohydrate than maize, rice or wheat, Andean farmers have also been made more aware of the nutritional benefits of quinoa, as well as different methods of preparation. "Now we know quinoa is so good, we appreciate and use it in different food preparations. We clean quinoa and make soup, juice, cakes, everything out of quinoa," enthuses Vargas.
In future, adding value to different varieties of quinoa by producing flour, cakes, quinoa pasta and other products for pharmaceutical and cosmetic ingredients (such as natural colorants or quinoa fatty oil as a carrier oil used in aromatherapy) for international high-value niche markets will also help to stimulate the market and therefore conserve a wider variety of quinoa varieties. "Companies that deal with quinoa in Bolivia are beginning to transform it into different products and export them," says Wilfredo Rojas of the PROINPA Foundation. "We're also starting to better understand and study the potential of this food and identify which varieties are good for what."

New directions
But in promoting greater use of quinoa, a key challenge is how to expand quinoa production reliably and sustainably. New research to select varieties resistant to changing climate conditions, to pests and diseases and with higher grain yields is now seen as a priority. Addressing inefficient and unsustainable cultivation practices is another. Due to the lack of sustainable cultivation practices for additional alternative cultivation areas, many farmers no longer allow time between seasons for the soil to recover but plant the crop continuously on slopes and in valley areas. Over time, the soil becomes eroded, pest and diseases spread and yields decrease.

A national campaign has promoted quinoa to restaurants, bakeries and other commercial outlets in Bolivia
© IFAD

"While Peru and Bolivia are working on solutions for sustainable intensification, opportunities for other Andean countries such as Colombia, Ecuador, Argentina and Chile to engage or increase their production are also promising," says Matthias Jager of Bioversity International. "Our task should be facilitating mechanisms, such as multi-stakeholder collaboration and innovation platforms, to help Andean countries establish pro-poor, national quinoa promotion programmes for sustainably promoting quinoa expansion." By sharing best practices, innovations and lessons learned from past experiences and projects, Bioversity International is currently assisting Colombia in establishing its National Quinoa Promotion Plan and a proposal for an Andean Quinoa Platform is under development.

"To raise further awareness of the wide-ranging benefits of quinoa, 2013 has been designated as the UN International Year of Quinoa. A travelling exhibition about the crop, from its origins to current status has been developed by Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) and Bioversity International".

Sunday, November 24, 2013

New paper: Chenopod salt bladders deter insect herbivores

Trichomes on leaves and stems of certain chenopods (Chenopodiaceae) are modified with a greatly enlarged apical cell (a salt bladder), containing a huge central vacuole. These structures may aid in the extreme salt tolerance of many species by concentrating salts in the vacuole. Bladders eventually burst, covering the leaf in residue of bladder membranes and solid precipitates. The presence of this system in non-halophytic species suggests additional functions. I tested the novel hypothesis that these bladders have a defensive function against insect herbivores using choice, no choice, and field tests. Generalist insect herbivores preferred to feed on leaves without salt bladders in choice tests. In no choice tests, herbivores consumed less leaf matter with bladders. In a field test, leaves from which I had removed bladders suffered greater herbivory than adjacent leaves with bladders. Solutions containing bladders added to otherwise preferred leaves deterred herbivores, suggesting a water-soluble chemical component to the defense. This bladder system has a defensive function in at least four genera of chenopods. Salt bladders may be a structural defense, like spines or domatia, but also have a chemical defense component.

Source:
Lopresti EF.Chenopod salt bladders deter insect herbivores. Oecologia. 2013. DOI 10.1007/s00442-013-2827-0

Saturday, September 28, 2013

Quinoa: Botany, Production and Uses

Main Description
Quinoa is an invaluable crop, highlighted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as one of the world's main crops for future food security. The first comprehensive review of quinoa, this book includes four sections covering the history of the crop, phylogeny and systematics, botany and agrotechnology, and the qualitative aspects, economics and marketing of quinoa, making it a vital resource for students and researchers of crop science.

By A Bhargava, Amity University Uttar Pradesh [Lucknow Campus], India, S Srivastava, Amity University Uttar Pradesh [Lucknow Campus], India
September 2013 / Hardback / 264 Pages / 9781780642260

Main Contents
Preface
PART I – Introduction and History
    1. Introduction
    2. Historical Perspectives and Domestication
    3. Distribution
PART II – Phylogeny and Systematics
    4. Taxonomy
    5. Cytology and Genome Size
PART III – Botany and Agrotechnology
    6. Botany
    7. Crop Production and Management
    8. Stress Tolerance
    9. Diseases and Pests
    10. Breeding
    11. Molecular Studies
PART IV – Qualitative Aspects, Economics and Marketing
    12. Chemistry
    13. Saponins
    14. Transparency from Production to Consumption: New Challenges for the Quinoa Market Chain

Source:

Sunday, September 15, 2013

Influence of contrasting environments on seed composition of two quinoa genotypes: nutritional and functional properties

Abstract: Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) in Chile represents a source of germplasm with high nutritional value. However, there is little information available related to quinoa seed quality grown under contrasting environments. In this study we evaluated the changes on seed composition of seeds of two lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes grown under arid (Vicuña) and cold-temperate (Temuco) conditions in Chile. Results showed that in the case of ‘Regalona Baer’ and ‘Villarrica’ genotypes the arid location (with irrigation) led to a significant increase (P < 0.05) in grain yield (4.2 and 5.1 t ha-1, respectively), soluble dietary fiber (16.8 ± 0.4 and 28.9 ± 2.1 g kg-1 DM, respectively), vitamin B3 (2.44 ± 0.005 and 2.26 ± 0.04 mg 100 g-1 DM, respectively), saponins (3.22 ± 0.38 mg 100 g-1 DM, ‘Regalona Baer’), phenolic compounds (19.2 ± 5.48 and 31.92 ± 1.14 mg gallic acid 100 g-1, respectively) and components of proximate analysis, except protein content. The cold-temperate climate (rainfed) affected positively seed size (2.22 ± 0.17 mm ‘Villarrica’) and 1000 seed weight (3.08 ± 0.08 and 3.29 ± 0.08 g, respectively), as well as insoluble dietary fiber content (112.3 ± 23.8 g kg-1 DM, ‘Regalona Baer’). Furthermore, vitamin C was higher in ‘Regalona Baer’ genotype at arid locality (31.22 ± 4.2 mg 100 g-1 DM), but much higher content was registered in ‘Villarrica’ genotype at cold-temperate climate (49.3 ± 5.36 mg 100 g-1 DM). The environment-induced relationship among variables and genotypes was consistent with principal component analysis (PCA). The arid region of Vicuña in Chile represents a potential area for quinoa cultivation for lowland/coastal quinoa genotypes, whose nutritional and functional features were affected positively, due to the much more stressing climatic conditions.

Reference:
Miranda M., Vega-Gálvez A., Martinez E.A., Lópeza J., Marín R., Aranda M. and Fuentes F. (2013) Influence of contrasting environment on seed composition of two quinoa genotypes: nutritional and functional properties. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research. 73(2): 108-116. DOI: 10.4067/S0718-58392013000200004